Microseismic source mechanism inversion and interpretation for the injection test of hot dry rock in the Gonghe Basin
-
摘要:
震源机制是开展微地震资料解释的重要震源物理参数，对储层压裂开发的裂缝监测及其发育解释具有重要的实际意义. 本文首先对共和盆地干热岩储层的地质背景和测试压裂阶段的微地震数据进行了介绍，然后阐述了基于HybridMT程序包的震源机制反演方法和基于主成分分析方法的优化求解思路，最后精细反演和解释了37个微地震事件(MW 0.80 ~ 1.69)的震源机制. 震源机制类型以逆断层和走滑断层为主，双力偶分量占比较高表明裂缝以剪切破裂机制为主导，表明微地震活动多发生在先存的天然断层/裂缝上. P轴的优势方位和断层走向分别为近NE向和NE向及NW向，推测该深度的局部最大水平主应力方向与区域最大水平主应力方向基本一致. 复杂的震源机制特征还与注水压力、局部地应力和地层高温等因素相关. 本文首次尝试对共和盆地干热岩开采诱发微地震的震源机制开展深入研究，验证了微地震处理和裂缝解释的有效性，可为后续深部干热岩储层的裂缝监测和解释提供参考.
Abstract:The source mechanism is an important source physical parameter for interpretating microseismic data and has significant practical values for reservoir microseismic monitoring and fracture propagation characterization. In this study, we introduced the geological background of the hot dry rock (HDR) reservoir in the Gonghe Basin and the microseismic data associated with the injection test, and then explained the source mechanism inversion method based on HybridMT package and the optimization approach based on the principal component analysis. Finally, the source mechanisms of 37 microseismic events (MW 0.80 ~ 1.69) were obtained and interpreted, which are predominantly characterized by thrust faults and strike-slip faults. The high proportion of double-couple (DC) components suggests that the fractures are dominated by the shear rupture mechanism, indicating that microseismic activity mostly occurred on pre-existing natural faults/fractures. The dominant strike of the P axes and the faults/fractures are orientated at approximately NE and NE/NW directions, respectively, suggesting that the direction of the local maximum horizontal principal stress at the depth is basically consistent with that of the regional maximum horizontal principal stress. The complex source mechanisms are also related to factors such as water injection pressure, local in-situ stress, and high temperature in the formation. We attempted to carry out in-depth research on the source mechanism analysis of microseismic events associated with HDR stimulation in the Gonghe Basin for the first time, verifying the effectiveness of microseismic processing and fracture interpretation. This study can provide a reference for future microseismic monitoring and fracture interpretation of deep HDR reservoirs.
-
Key words:
- Gonghe Basin /
- Hot dry rock /
- Microseismic /
- Source mechanism /
- HybridMT
-
-
图 1
共和盆地周围主要地质构造图(a)及研究区地面监测台阵(b)
Figure 1.
The tectonic background around the Gonghe Basin (a) and surface seismic monitoring array on the project site (b)
图 2
微地震事件的垂直分量波形(a)及主成分分析结果(b)
Figure 2.
Sample vertical-component waveforms of a microseismic event (a) and the results of PCA (b)
图 3
JF法和PCA法的DC矩张量约束(a)和全矩张量约束(b)RMS对比直方图
Figure 3.
Histograms of RMS of (a) DC-constrained moment tensor and (b) full-constrained moment tensor using JF method and PCA method
图 4
全矩张量约束条件下重采样测试结果
Figure 4.
Resampling test results with full-constrained inversion
图 5
微地震震源机制沙滩球及部分合成波形和实际波形拟合结果
Figure 5.
Fitting results of synthetic and observed microseismic waveforms
图 6
微地震事件平面分布和部分震源机制沙滩球(a)及微地震事件深度分布图(b)
Figure 6.
The plane distribution of microseismic events and the beachballs of partial events (a) and the depth distribution of microseismic events (b)
图 7
JF法(a)和PCA法(b)对应震源机制分解ISO/CLVD/DC百分比图
Figure 7.
The percentages of the ISO, CLVD, and DC components by using JF (a) and PCA (b)
图 8
37个微地震事件Hudson图(a)及26个RMS<0.5的微地震事件Hudson图(b)
Figure 8.
Source-type plot of 37 microseismic events (a) and source-type plot of 26 microseismic events with RMS<0.5 (b)
-
Baig A, Urbancic T. 2010. Microseismic moment tensors: A path to understanding frac growth. The Leading Edge, 29(3): 320-324, doi: 10.1190/1.3353729.
Bentz S, Martínez-Garzón P, Kwiatek G, et al. 2018. Sensitivity of full moment tensors to data preprocessing and inversion parameters: A case study from the Salton Sea geothermal field. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 108(2): 588-603, doi: 10.1785/0120170203.
Cesca S, Rohr A, Dahm T. 2013. Discrimination of induced seismicity by full moment tensor inversion and decomposition. Journal of Seismology, 17(1): 147-163, doi: 10.1007/s10950-012-9305-8.
Chen D F, Yang Y H, Niu Z X, et al. 2025. In-situ stress characteristics and fault stability analysis of hot dry rock GR2 well in the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai. Geology in China (in Chinese), 52(2): 425-437.
Chen X Q, Wang R Q, Huang W L, et al. 2018. Clustering-based stress inversion from focal mechanisms in microseismic monitoring of hydrofracturing. Geophysical Journal International, 215(3): 1887-1899, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggy388.
Chen Y, Huang L J. 2019. Adaptive moment-tensor joint inversion of clustered microseismic events for monitoring geological carbon storage. Geophysical Journal International, 219(1): 80-93, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggz293.
Chen Z B, Zhao F, Sun F, et al. 2021. Hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity at the hot dry rock site of the Gonghe Basin in China. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition, 95(6): 1835-1843, doi: 10.1111/1755-6724.14883.
Cui X, Wong L N Y. 2021. A 3D thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling model for enhanced geothermal systems. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 143: 104744, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104744.
Eaton D W, Forouhideh F. 2011. Solid angles and the impact of receiver-array geometry on microseismic moment-tensor inversion. Geophysics, 76(6): WC77-WC85.
Eisner L, Williams-Stroud S, Hill A, et al. 2010. Beyond the dots in the box: Microseismicity-constrained fracture models for reservoir simulation. The Leading Edge, 29(3): 326-333, doi: 10.1190/1.3353730.
Ellsworth W L, Giardini D, Townend J, et al. 2019. Triggering of the Pohang, Korea, Earthquake (Mw 5.5) by enhanced geothermal system stimulation. Seismological Research Letters, 90(5): 1844-1858, doi: 10.1785/0220190102.
Feng C J, Gao G L, Zhang S H, et al. 2022. Fault slip potential induced by fluid injection in the Matouying enhanced geothermal system (EGS) field, Tangshan seismic region, North China. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 22(7): 2257-2287, doi: 10.5194/nhess-22-2257-2022.
Godano M, Bardainne T, Regnier M, et al. 2011. Moment-tensor determination by nonlinear inversion of amplitudes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 101(1): 366-378, doi: 10.1785/0120090380.
Guilhem A, Hutchings L, Dreger D S, et al. 2014. Moment tensor inversions of M ~ 3 earthquakes in the Geysers geothermal fields, California. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 119(3): 2121-2137, doi: 10.1002/2013JB010271.
Hardebeck J L, Shearer P M. 2003. Using S/P amplitude ratios to constrain the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93(6): 2434-2444, doi: 10.1785/0120020236.
Johnson C W. 2017. Stress modulation of earthquakes: A study of long and short period stress perturbations and the crustal response [Ph. D. thesis]. Berkeley: University of California.
Kuang W H, Zoback M, Zhang J. 2017. Estimating geomechanical parameters from microseismic plane focal mechanisms recorded during multistage hydraulic fracturing. Geophysics, 82(1): KS1-KS11, doi: 10.1190/geo2015-0691.1.
Kuang W H, Yuan C C, Zhang J, et al. 2023. Relative focal mechanism inversion and its application to Ridgecrest sequence. Seismological Research Letters, 94(1): 305-317, doi: 10.1785/0220210370.
Kühn D, Heimann S, Isken M P, et al. 2020. Probabilistic moment tensor inversion for hydrocarbon-induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field, The Netherlands, Part 1: Testing. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 110(5): 2095-2111, doi: 10.1785/0120200099.
Kwiatek G, Martínez-Garzón P, Bohnhoff M. 2016. HybridMT: A MATLAB/shell environment package for seismic moment tensor inversion and refinement. Seismological Research Letters, 87(4): 964-976, doi: 10.1785/0220150251.
Kwiatek G, Saarno T, Ader T, et al. 2019. Controlling fluid-induced seismicity during a 6.1-km-deep geothermal stimulation in Finland. Science Advances, 5(5): eaav7224, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7224.
Lei Z H. 2020. Study on the characteristics of hot dry rock reservoir and fracturing test model in the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province [Ph. D. thesis](in Chinese). Changchun: Jilin University.
Leonhardt M, Kwiatek G, Martínez-Garzón P, et al. 2021. Seismicity during and after stimulation of a 6.1 km deep enhanced geothermal system in Helsinki, Finland. Solid Earth, 12(3): 581-594 , doi: 10.5194/se-12-581-2021.
Li H, Chang X. 2021. A review of the microseismic focal mechanism research. Science China Earth Sciences, 64(3): 351-363.
Li J L, Sadi Kuleli H, Zhang H J, et al. 2011. Focal mechanism determination of induced microearthquakes in an oil field using full waveforms from shallow and deep seismic networks. Geophysics, 76(6): WC87-WC101, doi: 10.1190/geo2011-0030.1.
Li L, Tan J Q, Wood D A, et al. 2019. A review of the current status of induced seismicity monitoring for hydraulic fracturing in unconventional tight oil and gas reservoirs. Fuel, 242: 195-210, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.026.
Li L, Tan J Q, Zhang D Z, et al. 2021. FDwave3D: A MATLAB solver for the 3D anisotropic wave equation using the finite-difference method. Computational Geosciences, 25(5): 1565-1578.
Li Q C, Wang L J, Xu W H, et al. 2023. Inversion of crustal stress based on source mechanism. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese), 38(6): 2409-2416, doi: 10.6038/pg2023GG0241.
Li X, Main I, Jupe A. 2018. Induced seismicity at the UK ‘hot dry rock’ test site for geothermal energy production. Geophysical Journal International, 214(1): 331-344, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggy135.
Liu H Q, Hu C B, Zhao G P, et al. 2023. Thermal-hydraulic finite element simulation of temperature decrease process during hot dry rock exploitation: A case study in the Qiabuqia area, Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 66(7): 2887-2902, doi: 10.6038/cjg2022P0833.
Martínez-Garzón P, Kwiatek G, Bohnhoff M, et al. 2016. Impact of fluid injection on fracture reactivation at The Geysers geothermal field. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121(10): 7432-7449, doi: 10.1002/2016JB013137.
Maxwell S C, Rutledge J, Jones R, et al. 2010. Petroleum reservoir characterization using downhole microseismic monitoring. Geophysics, 75(5): 75A129-75A137, doi: 10.1190/1.3477966.
Mousavi S M, Horton S P, Langston C A, et al. 2016. Seismic features and automatic discrimination of deep and shallow induced-microearthquakes using neural network and logistic regression. Geophysical Journal International, 207(1): 29-46, doi: 10.1093/gji/ggw258.
Rawal C, Ghassemi A. 2014. A reactive thermo-poroelastic analysis of water injection into an enhanced geothermal reservoir. Geothermics, 50: 10-23, doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2013.05.007.
Ren Y. 2022. Improvement of moment tensor inversion method and layout optimization of microseismic monitoring system [Master′s thesis](in Chinese). Beijing: University of Science and Technology Beijing.
Ross Z E, Meier M A, Hauksson E. 2018. P wave arrival picking and first-motion polarity determination with deep learning. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(6): 5120-5129, doi: 10.1029/2017JB015251.
Rutledge J T, Phillips W S. 2003. Hydraulic stimulation of natural fractures as revealed by induced microearthquakes, Carthage Cotton Valley gas field, east Texas. Geophysics, 68(2): 441-452, doi: 10.1190/1.1567214.
Shelly D R, Skoumal R J, Hardebeck J L. 2022. S/P amplitude ratios derived from single-component seismograms and their potential use in constraining focal mechanisms for microearthquake sequences. The Seismic Record, 2(2): 118-126, doi: 10.1785/0320220002.
Šílený J, Hill D P, Eisner L, et al. 2009. Non–double-couple mechanisms of microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 114(B8): B08307, doi: 10.1029/2008JB005987.
Staněk F, Eisner L, Jan Moser T. 2014. Stability of source mechanisms inverted from P-wave amplitude microseismic monitoring data acquired at the surface. Geophysical Prospecting, 62(3): 475-490, doi: 10.1111/1365-2478.12107.
Su P Z, An X Y, Li E L, et al. 2020. Focal mechanisms of recent small and moderate earthquakes in Liaoning region. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 63(11): 4023-4036, doi: 10.6038/cjg2020O0145.
Tan Y, Helmberger D. 2007. A new method for determining small earthquake source parameters using short-period P waves. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 97(4): 1176-1195, doi: 10.1785/0120060251.
Tan Y Y, Hu J, Zhang H J, et al. 2019. Source mechanism determination for hydraulic fracturing induced seismicity using full-waveform matching. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 62(11): 4417-4436, doi: 10.6038/cjg2019M0516.
Tang J, Wen L, Li C, et al. 2019. Hydraulic-fracturing shear-tensile microseismic focal mechanism moment tensor inversion. Oil Geophysical Prospecting (in Chinese), 54(4): 826-835.
Vavryčuk V. 2011. Tensile earthquakes: Theory, modeling, and inversion. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 116: B12320, doi: 10.1029/2011JB008770.
Vavryčuk V, Adamová P, Doubravová J, et al. 2017. Moment tensor inversion based on the principal component analysis of waveforms: Method and application to microearthquakes in West Bohemia, Czech Republic. Seismological Research Letters, 88(5): 1303-1315, doi: 10.1785/0220170027.
Vavryčuk V, Kühn D. 2012. Moment tensor inversion of waveforms: a two-step time-frequency approach. Geophysical Journal International, 190(3): 1761-1776, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05592.x.
Wang S Y. 2019. Study on mechanical properties and permeability characteristics of hot dry rock in Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province [Master′s thesis](in Chinese). Beijing: China University of Petroleum (Beijing).
Wang Y F, Guo R W, Liu J X, et al. 2024. A divergence-free vector finite-element method for efficient 3D magnetotelluric forward modeling. Geophysics, 89(1): E1-E11.
Wu S J, Wang Y B. 2023. Least-squares interferometric migration of microseismic source location with a deblurring filter. Geophysics, 88(2): L37-L52.
Wu S J, Wang Y B, Liang X. 2023. Hydraulic fracturing distributed acoustic sensing monitoring data source mechanism inversion: A Hessian-based method. Geophysics, 88(6): WC133-WC143.
Xie J Y, Li L, Wen D G, et al. 2021. Experiments and analysis of the hydraulic fracture propagation behaviors of the granite with structural planes in the Gonghe Basin. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 95(6): 1816-1827.
Xu T F, Yuan Y L, Jia X F, et al. 2018. Prospects of power generation from an enhanced geothermal system by water circulation through two horizontal wells: A case study in the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province, China. Energy, 148: 196-207, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.135.
Yang X C, Zhu H B, Li H, et al. 2016. Microseismic focal mechanism inversion based on P-wave radiation pattern and its application. Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese), 55(5): 640-648.
Yin X X, Jiang C S, Zhai H Y, et al. 2021. Review of induced seismicity and disaster risk control in dry hot rock resource development worldwide. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 64(11): 3817-3836, doi: 10.6038/cjg2021O0448.
Yu C P, Vavryčuk V, Adamová P, et al. 2018. Moment tensors of induced microearthquakes in the geysers geothermal reservoir from broadband seismic recordings: implications for faulting regime, stress tensor, and fluid pressure. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(10): 8748-8766, doi: 10.1029/2018JB016251.
Yun X R, Chen X J, Cai Z H, et al. 2020. Preliminary study on magmatic emplacement and crystallization conditions and deep structure of hot dry rock in the northeastern Gonghe basin, Qinghai Province. Acta Petrologica Sinica (in Chinese), 36(10): 3171-3191.
Zhang B J, Lei Y D, Zhao Z, et al. 2023. Geodynamic processes and mechanisms of the formation of hot dry rock in the Gonghe Basin. Earth Science Frontiers (in Chinese), 30(5): 384-401.
Zhang C Y, Fan D J, Elsworth D, et al. 2024. Mechanisms of stress- and fluid-pressure-driven fault reactivation in Gonghe granite: Implications for injection-induced earthquakes. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 174: 105642, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105642.
Zhang E Y, Wen D G, Wang G L, et al. 2022. The first power generation test of hot dry rock resources exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province, China. China Geology, 5(3): 372-382, doi: 10.31035/cg2022038.
Zhang H L, Eaton D W, Li G, et al. 2016. Discriminating induced seismicity from natural earthquakes using moment tensors and source spectra. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121(2): 972-993, doi: 10.1002/2015JB012603.
Zhang S P, Li S D, Zhang L Y, et al. 2024. Characterization for 3D pore-fracture systems in Hot-Dry-Rock samples from Gonghe Basin, China. Geothermics, 117: 102886, doi: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102886.
Zhang S Q, Yan W D, Li D P, et al. 2018. Characteristics of geothermal geology of the Qiabuqia HDR in Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province. Geology in China (in Chinese), 45(6): 1087-1102.
Zhou J, Zeng Y J, Chen Z, et al. 2021. Research on fracture mapping with surface tiltmeters for "hot dry rock" stimulation in Gonghe Basin, Qinghai. Petroleum Drilling Techniques (in Chinese), 49(1): 88-92.
Zhou Z, Jin Y, Zeng Y J, et al. 2019. Experimental study on hydraulic fracturing physics simulation, crack initiation and propagation in hot dry rock geothermal reservoir in Gonghe Basin, Qinghai. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition) (in Chinese), 49(5): 1425-1430, doi: 10.13278/j.cnki.jjuese.20180204.
Zhou Z, Jin Y, Zeng Y J, et al. 2020. Investigation on fracture creation in hot dry rock geothermal formations of China during hydraulic fracturing. Renewable Energy, 153: 301-313.
陈东方, 杨跃辉, 牛兆轩等. 2025. 共和盆地干热岩GR2井现今地应力特征及断层稳定性分析. 中国地质, 52(2): 425-437.
雷治红. 2020. 青海共和盆地干热岩储层特征及压裂试验模型研究[博士论文]. 长春: 吉林大学.
李晗, 常旭. 2021. 微地震震源机制研究进展. 中国科学: 地球科学, 51(3): 325-338.
李秋辰, 王丽娟, 许文豪等. 2023. 基于震源机制的地应力反演. 地球物理学进展, 38(6): 2409-2416, doi: 10.6038/pg2023GG0241.
刘汉青, 胡才博, 赵桂萍等. 2023. 利用热-孔隙流体耦合有限元数值模拟研究干热岩开发温度下降过程——以青海共和盆地恰卜恰地区干热岩开发为例. 地球物理学报, 66(7): 2887-2902, doi: 10.6038/cjg2022P0833.
任义. 2022. 矩张量反演方法改进及微震监测系统布局优化研究[博士论文]. 北京: 北京科技大学.
苏培臻, 安祥宇, 李恩来等. 2020. 辽宁地区近期中小地震震源机制研究. 地球物理学报, 63(11): 4023-4036, doi: 10.6038/cjg2020O0145.
谭玉阳, 胡隽, 张海江等. 2019. 利用全波形匹配方法确定水力压裂诱发地震震源机制. 地球物理学报, 62(11): 4417-4436, doi: 10.6038/cjg2019M0516.
唐杰, 温雷, 李聪等. 2019. 水力压裂诱发的剪张型微地震震源机制矩张量反演方法. 石油地球物理勘探, 54(4): 826-835.
王世永. 2019. 青海共和盆地干热岩岩体力学特征及渗透特性研究[硕士论文]. 北京: 中国石油大学(北京).
杨心超, 朱海波, 李宏等. 2016. 基于P波辐射花样的压裂微地震震源机制反演方法研究及应用. 石油物探, 55(5): 640-648.
尹欣欣, 蒋长胜, 翟鸿宇等. 2021. 全球干热岩资源开发诱发地震活动和灾害风险管控. 地球物理学报, 64(11): 3817-3836, doi: 10.6038/cjg2021O0448.
贠晓瑞, 陈希节, 蔡志慧等. 2020. 青海共和盆地东北部干热岩岩浆侵位结晶条件及深部结构初探. 岩石学报, 36(10): 3171-3191.
张保建, 雷玉德, 赵振等. 2023. 共和盆地干热岩形成的地球动力学过程与成因机制. 地学前缘, 30(5): 384-401.
张森琦, 严维德, 黎敦朋等. 2018. 青海省共和县恰卜恰干热岩体地热地质特征. 中国地质, 45(6): 1087-1102.
周健, 曾义金, 陈作等. 2021. 青海共和盆地干热岩压裂裂缝测斜仪监测研究. 石油钻探技术, 49(1): 88-92.
周舟, 金衍, 曾义金等. 2019. 青海共和盆地干热岩地热储层水力压裂物理模拟和裂缝起裂与扩展形态研究. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 49(5): 1425-1430.
-
下载:
图(10)
计量
- 文章访问数:
- PDF下载数:
- 施引文献: 0