Development of 10~50 MHz ground based low frequency radio astronomical digital receiver and PC software
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摘要:
低频段(< 50 MHz)射电观测，是研究射电爆发、恒星形成、宇宙初期状态的重要手段，而我国对该频段相关仪器研究较少.本文从关键器件选型、仿真与设计、接口和通讯、功能模块等方面，对组成地基低频射电观测系统的核心部件——数字接收机与上位机软件进行论述.数字接收机由采集卡和工控机构成，采集卡配置包含AD9265芯片和K7系列现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array，FPGA).数字接收机探测频率覆盖1~62.5 MHz，接收功率范围-78~-6 dBm，拥有先进的频率分辨率(15.3 kHz)和时间分辨率(0.5~32 ms).为满足射电观测显示与存储需求，研发了具有针对性的上位机软件解决方案.软件支持高速串行计算机扩展总线标准(Peripheral Component Interconnect express，PCIe)数据传输协议，支持实时频谱显示、数据存储和交互操作，具有全频带内强度图显示与图像自动保存功能.自主研制的数字接收机与上位机软件已成功应用于新疆奇台观测站低频(10~50 MHz)射电观测设备，该设备自2021年6月投入运行，捕获多次太阳射电暴事件.将观测结果与澳大利亚Learmonth观测设备对比分析，结果表明，新疆奇台站低频射电观测系统探测精度更为精细、探测频率更低，性能指标位于国际前列.系统后期可开展星-地协同观测，推动我国低频段射电研究.
Abstract:Radio observation in low frequency band (< 50 MHz) can be widely used to study the radio burst, star formation and the early evolution of the universe in the astronomical society. However, there is not enough research on the development of new instruments with better performance in this field in China. In this paper, we studied the core module of observing system, i.e. the digital receiver (including key device selection, simulation and design, interface and communication, and functional modules) and host computer software. The digital receiver is composed of acquisition card and industrial computer. The acquisition card is equipped with AD9265 chip and K7 series Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).The designed system works in the frequency range of 1~62.5 MHz, with a dynamic range of -78 to -6 dBm. The frequency resolution is 15.3 kHz and the time resolution ranges from 0.5 to 32 ms. A software is then developed, which realizes Peripheral Component Interconnect express (PCIe) data transmission protocol, real-time spectrum display, data storage and interactive operation, and storage of full-band quicklook. The independently developed digital receiver and PC software have been successfully applied to low frequency (10~50 MHz) radio observation in Xinjiang Qitai Observation Station since June 2021. Several solar radio bursts have been captured. Compared with Learmonth′s observation, the results show that the detection accuracy of low frequency radio observation system at Qitai station in Xinjiang is better with lower frequency limit and more fine structures. In the future, satellite-ground cooperative observation can be carried out to promote the research of low frequency radio in China.
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Key words:
- Low frequency radio /
- Ground observation /
- Digital receiver /
- Solar radio burst
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图 1
数字接收机与上位机软件位置示意图
Figure 1.
Digital receiver and upper computer software position diagram
图 6
MATLAB仿真数据加入Hanning窗之后的影响
Figure 6.
Influence of adding Hanning window to MATLAB simulation data
图 7
数字接收机相关接口连接示意图
Figure 7.
Digital receiver correlation interface connection diagram
图 15
澳大利亚观测设备提供的观测数据，右侧色标单位为(dBm/15.3 kHz)，数据来自World Data Center，
https://downloads.sws.bom.gov.au/wdc/wdc_spec/data/learmonth/raw/20/ Figure 15.
Observation data provided by Australian observation equipment, right colorbar unit (dBm/15.3 kHz), data from World Data Center,
https://downloads.sws.bom.gov.au/wdc/wdc_spec/data/learmonth/raw/20/ 
图 16
本系统提供的观测数据，右侧色标单位为(dBm/15.3 kHz)
Figure 16.
Observation data provided by the system, right colorbar unit (dBm/15.3 kHz)
图 17
本系统提供的观测数据，右侧colorbar单位为(dBm/15.3 kHz)
Figure 17.
Observation data provided by the system, right colorbar unit (dBm/15.3 kHz)
表 1
国内外部分低频段射电观测设备及参数
Table 1.
Some low-frequency radio observation equipment and parameters at home and abroad
名称 观测频段 时间分辨率 频率分辨率 LOFAR 10~80 MHz 1 s 0.76 kHz LWA1 24~87 MHz 0.84 ms 4.79 kHz Learmonth 25~180 MHz 3 s ~128 kHz NDA 10~120 MHz 3 ms 35 kHz 明安图VLF 30~70 MHz ≥10 ms ~39 kHz 山东大学CSO 150~500 MHz (扩展了25~110 MHz) 1~10 ms 3~320 kHz 奇台低频射电观测设备 10~50 MHz 0.5~32 ms 15.3 kHz 
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表 2
AD9265主要参数
Table 2.
Main parameters of AD9265
指标 参数 指标 参数 采样率 ≤125 MSPS 输入带宽 ≤300 MHz 位数 16 bit SNR 79.0 dBFS 通道数 2 模拟输入 < ±1 V
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表 3
XC7K410T部分资源
Table 3.
XC7K410T partial resources
指标 参数 指标 参数 Logic Cells 406000 DSP Slices 1540 CLB Slices 63550 Block RAM (Max) 28620 kb Max Distributed RAM 5663 kb I/O Pin 500
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