Integrated InSAR and strain tensor to estimate three-dimensional coseismic displacements associated with the 2016 MW7.0 Kumamoto earthquake
-
摘要:
利用合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar，SAR）影像提取与地质活动相关的三维地表形变场，对深入理解地质灾害的形成机制及其潜在灾害风险评估非常重要.目前，利用SAR影像的同震三维形变场提取主要利用单个像素点的多次观测构建观测方程，然后基于加权最小二乘（Weighted Least Squares，WLS）方法分解从而获得同震三维形变场，因此该方法缺乏对相邻像素点空间相关性的约束.考虑相邻同震位移点的应力连续性，研究学者提出了顾及大地测量应变张量和卫星形变观测的SAR同震三维形变场方法（Extended Simultaneous and Integrated Strain Tensor Estimation from geodetic and satellite deformation Measurements，ESISTEM）.本文以2016年MW7.0熊本地震为例，收集了覆盖此次地震的ALOS-2卫星升降轨影像，利用传统差分InSAR（DInSAR）方法和子孔径雷达干涉测量（Multiple Aperture InSAR，MAI）方法分别对升降轨SAR影像对进行处理，得到视线向（LOS）形变和方位向形变，最后利用ESISTEM方法获取此次地震的三维同震形变场.此外，利用GPS和野外考察观测对本文的三维形变场结果进行结果精度分析.研究结果表明，与传统WLS方法相比，ESISTEM方法不仅能有效抑制奇异像素点对形变结果的干扰，同时对近断层的失相干信号能进行较好的恢复，更有助于解释地表破裂区的地震形变特征和掌握地震发生机制.本文确定的三维同震形变场结果显示主形变区发生在Futagawa断层中部和Hinagu断层最北端，最大水平位移为2 m，抬升为0.55 m.断层破裂以NE-SW走向的右旋走滑为主兼有部分正断成分.应变张量分析表明发震断层处受到了明显的收缩力和剪切力的作用.
Abstract:The three-dimensional (3D) surface displacements associated with different geohazard phenomenon derived from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images significantly improve our ability to understand their formation mechanisms and assess the potential disaster risk. At present, the most common approach for 3D coseismic deformation field derived from SAR images is using the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) method to resolve the 3D components based on more than three observations at each pixel point. However, this approach will be no constraints on the spatial correlation between the adjacent pixel points. Therefore, a new approach, i.e., the Extended Simultaneous and Integrated Strain Tensor Estimation from geodetic and satellite deformation Measurements (ESISTEM), has been proposed to reveal the 3D coseismic displacement by adding a constraint equation of stress continuity between the adjacent pixel points. In this study, we collect both the ascending and descending ALOS-2 images for the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence, and then generate the displacement both in line of sight (LOS) and azimuth direction by using the traditional differential InSAR (DInSAR) method and the Multiple Aperture InSAR (MAI) method, respectively. After that, we utilize the ESISTEM method to recover 3D coseismic deformation field for this event. In addition, we verify the uncertainty of the 3D displacements with GPS and field work observations, respectively. In compare to the traditional WLS approach, our results show the ESISTEM approach can not only effectively reduce the disturbance of singular displacement, and recover the displacement in incoherence region, which is helpful to the coseismic 3D displacement characteristics analyzed. Our final 3D displacement map demonstrates that the main deformation zone occurs in the central section of the Futagawa fault and the northernmost part of the Hinagu fault, and the maximum horizontal and uplift displacement are 2 m and 0.55 m, respectively. The subsurface rupture is dominated by NE-SW-trending dextral strike-slip with minor normal-slip component. The strain tensor indicates that the seismic area sustains an obvious contraction and shear forces.
-
Key words:
- InSAR /
- Three-dimensional coseismic displacements /
- Strain Tensor /
- Kumamoto earthquake
-
-
图 1
2016年熊本地震序列的地形图
Figure 1.
Topographic map of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence
图 2
(a) 九州岛地区GPS速度场和(b)九州岛地区无旋转GPS速度场
Figure 2.
GPS velocity field (a) and after removing the whole rotating component (b) in Kyushu island area
图 3
熊本地震序列的同震LOS向(左列)和方位向(右列)形变场
Figure 3.
The coseismic displacements of the Kumamoto earthquake sequence in the LOS direction (left) and azimuth direction (right)
图 4
熊本地震序列的三维形变场和残差
Figure 4.
The three-dimensional displacements and residuals of the Kumamoto earthquake sequence
图 5
ESISTEM和WLS的三维形变场分别沿着A-A′、B-B′、C-C′和D-D′剖面的比较结果
Figure 5.
Comparison of the three-dimensional displacements in the three different components (E-W, N-S, U-D) along the profiles A-A′, B-B′, C-C′, D-D′ derived from the ESISTEM (gray points) and WLS (black points) methods
图 6
InSAR测量和GPS测量在GPS站点上的同震三维位移比较
Figure 6.
Comparison of three-dimensional coseismic displacements between InSAR measurements and GPS measurements at the corresponding GPS sites
图 7
Futagawa-Hinagu断层带(灰线)表面破裂的水平位错和垂直位错
Figure 7.
Horizontal and vertical offsets of surface rupture along the Futagawa-Hinagu fault systems (gray lines)
表 1
本次研究所采用的ALOS-2卫星数据
Table 1.
The ALOS-2 data used in this study
轨道 轨道号 时间 方位角(°) 入射角(°) 垂直基线(m) 时间基线(d) 升轨 130 2015-12-03—2016-04-21 -10.6 33 -150.6 140 降轨 023 2016-03-07—2016-04-18 190.3 36 -123.8 42 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2
同震三维形变场残差比较
Table 2.
Residual comparison of three-dimensional coseismic displacements
位置 标准差(cm) 均值(cm) 东西向 南北向 垂直向 东西向 南北向 垂直向 S1 0.35 0.50 0.21 0.00 0.02 0.00 S2 0.42 0.87 0.14 0.00 0.02 0.00 S3 0.44 0.86 0.16 0.00 0.02 0.00 S4 0.35 0.64 0.12 0.00 0.01 0.00 S5 0.58 1.08 0.18 0.00 0.05 0.00 S6 0.75 1.35 0.23 0.00 0.05 -0.01
下载: 导出CSV
表 3
与GPS和野外调查测量对比的三维位移精度分析(单位：cm)
Table 3.
Accuracy analyzed for three-dimensional displacement component compared with GPS and field work measurement (unit: cm)
方法 GPS RMSEs 野外调查RMSEs 东西向 南北向 垂直向 水平向 垂直向 WLS 14.26 20.92 8.84 46.33 47.11 ESISTEM 14.23 19.81 8.54 18.94 25.65
下载: 导出CSV
-
Barbot S, Hamiel Y, Fialko Y. 2008. Space geodetic investigation of the coseismic and postseismic deformation due to the 2003 MW7.2 Altai earthquake:implications for the local lithospheric rheology. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 113(B3):B03403, doi:10.1029/2007JB005063.
Bechor N B D, Zebker H A. 2006. Measuring two-dimensional movements using a single InSAR pair. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(16):L16311, doi:10.1029/2006GL026883.
Bird P, Kreemer C. 2015. Revised tectonic forecast of global shallow seismicity based on version 2.1 of the Global Strain Rate Map. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105(1):152-166. doi: 10.1785/0120140129
Chen C W, Zebker H A. 2000. Network approaches to two-dimensional phase unwrapping:intractability and two new algorithms. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 17(3):401-414. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.17.000401
Farr T G, Rosen P A, Caro E, et al. 2007. The shuttle radar topography mission. Reviews of Geophysics, 45(2):RG2004, doi:10.1029/2005RG000183.
Feng G C, Li Z W, Shan X J, et al. 2015. Geodetic model of the 2015 April 25 MW7.8 Gorkha Nepal earthquake and MW7.3 aftershock estimated from InSAR and GPS data. Geophysical Journal International, 203(2):896-900. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggv335
Fialko Y, Simons M, Agnew D. 2001. The complete (3-D) surface displacement field in the epicentral area of the 1999 MW7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, California, from space geodetic observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(16):3063-3066. doi: 10.1029/2001GL013174
Fukahata Y, Hashimoto M. 2016. Simultaneous estimation of the dip angles and slip distribution on the faults of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake through a weak nonlinear inversion of InSAR data. Earth, Planets and Space, 68:204, doi:10.1186/s40623-016-0580-4.
Goldstein R M, Werner C L. 1998. Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(21):4035-4038. doi: 10.1029/1998GL900033
Guglielmino F, Nunnari G, Puglisi G, et al. 2011. Simultaneous and integrated strain tensor estimation from geodetic and satellite deformation measurements to obtain three-dimensional displacement maps. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 49(6):1815-1826. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2103078
Hashimoto M, Savage M, Nishimura T, et al. 2017. Special issue "2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence and its impact on earthquake science and hazard assessment". Earth, Planets and Space, 69:98.
He P, Wen Y M, Xu C J, et al. 2018. High-quality three-dimensional displacement fields from new-generation SAR imagery:application to the 2017 Ezgeleh, Iran, earthquake. Journal of Geodesy, 99(4):573-591. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00190-018-1183-6
Himematsu Y, Furuya M. 2016. Fault source model for the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence based on ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 pixel-offset data:evidence for dynamic slip partitioning. Earth, Planets and Space, 68:169, doi:10.1186/s40623-016-0575-1.
Hu J, Li Z W, Zhang L, et al. 2012. Correcting ionospheric effects and monitoring two-dimensional displacement fields with multiple-aperture InSAR technology with application to the Yushu earthquake. Science China Earth Sciences, 55(12):1961-1971. doi: 10.1007/s11430-012-4509-x
Hu J, Li Z W, Ding X L, et al. 2013. Derivation of 3-D coseismic surface displacement fields for the 2011 MW9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake from InSAR and GPS measurements. Geophysical Journal International, 192(2):573-585. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=ef28ee35710008b43801fe274a2285aa
Hu J, Li Z W, Ding X L, et al. 2014. Resolving three-dimensional surface displacements from insar measurements:a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 133:1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.02.005
Imanishi K, Ando R, Kuwahara Y. 2012. Unusual shallow normal-faulting earthquake sequence in compressional northeast Japan activated after the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(9):L09306, doi:10.1029/2012GL051491.
Jiang S M, Yi L, Zhang X, et al. 2018. Joint inversion of teleseismic and co-seismic InSAR data for the rupture process of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in Japan. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 40(1):13-23. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dizhen201801002
Jiang Z S, Ma Z J, Zhang X, et al. 2003. Horizontal strain field and tectonic deformation of China mainland revealed by preliminary GPS result. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 46(3):352-358. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dqwlxb200303012
Jiang Z S, Yang G H, Wang M, et al. 2006. On crustal movement in China continent and its relationship with strong earthquakes. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese), 26(3):1-9. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dkxbydz200603001
Jin M P, Li Z L, Wang R J. 2017. Coseismic displacement field and slip model derived from near-source strong motion records of MW7.0 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 39(6):819-830. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dizhen201706001
Jung H S, Lu Z, Won J S, et al. 2011. Mapping three-dimensional surface deformation by combining multiple-aperture interferometry and conventional interferometry:Application to the June 2007 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 8(1):34-38. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5503996/
Kato A, Nakamura K, Hiyama Y. 2016. The 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 92(8):358-371. doi: 10.2183/pjab.92.359
Kobayashi T, Tobita M, Nishimura T, et al. 2011. Crustal deformation map for the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, detected by InSAR analysis combined with GEONET data. Earth, Planets and Space, 63(7):621-625. doi: 10.5047/eps.2011.06.043
Kreemer C, Blewitt G, Klein E C. 2014. A geodetic plate motion and Global Strain Rate Model. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(10):3849-3889. doi: 10.1002/2014GC005407
Lin A M, Chiba T. 2017. Coseismic conjugate faulting structures produced by the 2016 MW7.1 Kumamoto earthquake, Japan. Journal of Structural Geology, 99:20-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2017.05.003
Luo H P, Chen T. 2016. Three-dimensional surface displacement field associated with the 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake:solution from integrated InSAR and GPS measurements with an extended SISTEM approach. Remote Sensing, 8(7):559. doi: 10.3390/rs8070559
Morishita Y, Kobayashi T, Yarai H. 2016. Three-dimensional deformation mapping of a dike intrusion event in Sakurajima in 2015 by exploiting the right-and left-looking ALOS-2 InSAR. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(9):4197-4204. doi: 10.1002/2016GL068293
Moya L, Yamazaki F, Liu W, et al. 2017. Calculation of coseismic displacement from lidar data in the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 17(1):143-156. doi: 10.5194/nhess-17-143-2017
Riguzzi F, Crespi M, Devoti R, et al. 2012. Geodetic strain rate and earthquake size:New clues for seismic hazard studies. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 206-207:67-75, doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2012.07.005.
Samsonov S, Tiampo K F. 2006. Analytical optimization of a DInSAR and GPS dataset for derivation of three-dimensional surface motion. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 3(1):107-111. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=e2cbf787ea519ead943f42e0ec1a5fc4
Segall P. 2010. Earthquake and Volcano Deformation. New York: Princeton University Press.
Scott C P, Arrowsmith J R, Nissen E, et al. 2018. The M7 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake:3-D deformation along the fault and within the damage zone constrained from differential lidar topography. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 123(7):6138-6155. doi: 10.1029/2018JB015581
Shirahama Y, Yoshimi M, Awata Y, et al. 2016. Characteristics of the surface ruptures associated with the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence, central Kyushu, Japan. Earth, Planets and Space, 68:191. doi: 10.1186/s40623-016-0559-1
Tape C, Musé P, Simons M, et al. 2009. Multiscale estimation of GPS velocity fields. Geophysical Journal International, 179(2):945-971. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04337.x
Toda S, Kaneda H, Okada S, et al. 2016. Slip-partitioned surface ruptures for the MW7.0 16 April 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, earthquake. Earth, Planets and Space, 68:188. doi: 10.1186/s40623-016-0560-8
Wang X W. 2017. Ionospheric error correction and three-dimensional coseismic deformation estimation and fault slip inversion with InSAR and MAI[Ph. D. thesis] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University.
Wang Y Z, Li Z W, Zhu J J, et al. 2012. Coseismic three-dimensional deformation of L'Aquila earthquake derived form multi-platform DInSAR data. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University (in Chinese), 37(7):859-863.
Wright T J, Parsons B E, Lu Z. 2004. Toward mapping surface deformation in three dimensions using InSAR. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(1):L01607, doi:10.1029/2003GL018827.
Yue H, Ross Z E, Liang C R, et al. 2017. The 2016 Kumamoto MW=7.0 earthquake:A significant event in a fault-volcano system. Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth, 122(11):9166-9183. doi: 10.1002/2017JB014525
Zheng A, Wang M F, Zhang W B. 2017. Source rupture process of the 2016 Kumamoto prefecture, Japan, earthquake derived from near-source strong-motion records. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 60(5):1713-1724, doi:10.6038/cjg20170509.
胡俊, 李志伟, 张磊等. 2013.多孔径InSAR技术电离层校正方法及二维形变场应用研究——以玉树地震为例.中国科学:地球科学, 43(3):457-468. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgkx-cd201303014
蒋生淼, 易磊, 张旭等. 2018. 2016年日本熊本地震破裂时空过程联合反演.地震学报, 40(1):13-23. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dizhen201801002
江在森, 马宗晋, 张希等. 2003. GPS初步结果揭示的中国大陆水平应变场与构造变形.地球物理学报, 46(3):352-358. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2003.03.012 http://www.geophy.cn//CN/abstract/abstract304.shtml
江在森, 杨国华, 王敏等. 2006.中国大陆地壳运动与强震关系研究.大地测量与地球动力学, 26(3):1-9. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dkxbydz200603001
金明培, 黎朕灵, 汪荣江. 2017.日本熊本MW7.0地震同震位移场和震源滑动模型反演.地震学报, 39(6):819-830. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dizhen201706001
王晓文. 2017.基于InSAR和MAI的电离层误差校正及同震三维形变场计算与断层滑动反演[博士论文].成都: 西南交通大学.
王永哲, 李志伟, 朱建军等. 2012.融合多平台DInSAR数据解算拉奎拉地震三维同震形变场.武汉大学学报:信息科学版, 37(7):859-863. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/whchkjdxxb201207025
郑傲, 王铭锋, 章文波. 2017.利用近场强震记录反演2016年日本熊本县地震震源破裂过程.地球物理学报, 60(5):1713-1724, doi:10.6038/cjg20170509. http://www.geophy.cn//CN/abstract/abstract13725.shtml
-
图(9)
表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数:
- PDF下载数:
- 施引文献: 0