The seismological application prospect of strain tensor meters
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摘要:
地震发生时的动态应变场，在研究地震触发、地震破裂、地面破坏、水文和岩浆变化等方面都具有重要应用意义.地震的应变张量观测和现有的惯性地震仪观测的物理量不同.前者可以直接记录到地震发生时震源辐射的应变（应力）波，而后者记录到的是位移、速度或加速度.地震频率的应变测量在地震学中的应用前景主要表现在：①测量震源机制解理论预言的辐射4象限分布；②测量库仑应力变化；③换算成动态应力以评估地震烈度；④测量地震波的能量密度；⑤测量地震断层形变加速和形变局部化过程.用惯性地震仪的记录虽然在理论上也可以解算出动态应变值，然而种种原因导致计算结果的误差很大，往往不可接受.应变张量地震仪若能与现有的惯性地震仪配套起来，形成大规模台阵，则有可能推动应变地震学的诞生，在地震观测和地震学科领域引起重大革新.
Abstract:The dynamic strains associated with seismic waves may play a significant role in earthquake triggering, hydrological and magmatic changes, earthquake damage, and ground failure. The physical quantity recorded of strain tensor meter is completely differ to that recorded of existing inertia seismometer. The former can directly measure the strains associated with seismic waves, and yet the latter measurement is displacement, velocity and acceleration. The application prospects of dynamic strains meter with seismic wave frequency are mainly (1) measurement of the radiation quadrant distribution of earthquake source mechanism; (2) measurement of Coulomb stress changing; (3) evaluation of earthquake intensity by converting dynamic strains to dynamic stresses; (4) measurement of energy intensity of seismic wave similarly; (5) measurement the process of strain acceleration of seismic fault and deform localization. Although the data recorded of the inertia seismometer can also be calculated to strains, however the error of the results are often too large due to the dependence of theory model and other reasons, and often be unacceptable. If the fiber laser strain tensor meters can be assorted to inertial seismometers and form large-scale seismic array, the strain seismology may be born and cause grave revolution in the area of earthquake observation and seismology.
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图 1
一个纯走滑断层的附加位移等值线.应力降Δτ=－67.7 MPa.破裂面两侧的箭头指断层面错动的方向
Figure 1.
Numerical calculation of the displacement contours for a strike slip fault, where stress drop Δτ=－67.7 MPa and the arrows indicate the sense of dislocation
图 2
一个纯走滑断层的附加应力场(库仑应力变化).相应的应变分量可以用张量应变地震仪测得.应力降Δτ=－67.7 MPa
Figure 2.
Numerical calculation of the σ1 contours for a strike slip fault, where stress drop Δτ=－67.7 MPa Corresponding strain can be directly recorded by strain tensor meters.
图 3
由一个纯走滑断层的运动产生的地震波初动的压缩与膨胀的分布
Figure 3.
Distributions of compression and dilatation first motions for a strike slip fault
图 4
用白光数字散斑方法测量的岩石表面应变场ε22* (许向红, 2005)
Figure 4.
Rock surface strain ε22* field measured by Digital Speckle Correlation Method(Xu Xianghong, 2005)
图 5
(A) Westerly花岗岩破裂过程中不同阶段获得的AE定位.上图从断层走向方向显示AE事件，下图从正对断层面显示AE事件; (B)相应位移-应力曲线, 变形过程中(a)—(f)阶段中记录到的声发射源的位置见上图(Lockner and Madden, 1991; 陈颙等，2009)
Figure 5.
(A) Acoustic emissions (AE) hypocenter locations during fault formation of initially intact Westerly granite.Time processes from left to right.Upper plots show events viewed along-strike of eventual fault plane. Lower show same events when fault plane is viewed on face-on.(B) Accompanying displacement-stress curve indicates segments of the experiment from which acoustic emission plots are made (Lockner and Madden, 1991; Chen Yong et al., 2009)
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